Petroleum or crude oil 2

 

CHEMISTRY SSS1 Third Term
WEEK 11
Petroleum or crude oil 2
Performance Objectives
The student should be able to:
  1. Explain the use of petrochemicals as starting materials for synthesis. of a large number of organic compounds like plastic, rubber, etc.
  2. Explain the use of an octane number in improving the quality of petrol.
  3. Explain what natural gas is and its uses.
  4. State the economic importance of petrol.
Content
Petrochemicals as starting materials for synthesis of a large number of organic compounds

The synthesis of chemical products from petroleum and hydrocarbon gasesHydrocarbons of petroleum, natural gases, casinghead gases, and petroleum refining gases are the main raw materials for the manufacture of the most important high-volume synthetic products—plastics, rubbers and fibers, nitrogen fertilizers, surface-active agents, detergents, lubricants and lubricant additives, plasticizers, fuels, solvents, and extractants. All these products are widely used in various branches of industry and in the household, and the development of many new areas of technology, such as space exploration and atomic power engineering, is related to them.

In the industrially developed countries, petrochemical synthesis has made possible the establishment of a large and rapidly expanding petrochemical industry. The hydrocarbons of petroleum and gases, which are readily available, cheaper, and more technologically efficient raw materials, are replacing other types of raw materials (coal, oil shale, vegetable oil, and animal fat) in almost all processes of organic synthesis.

Petrochemical synthesis is based on advances in organic chemistry, catalysis, physical chemistry, and chemical engineering and is related to the extensive study of the composition of petroleum and the properties of its components. Numerous reactions of organic chemistry, including pyrolysis, oxidation, alkylation, dehydrogenation and hydrogenation, halogenation, polymerization, nitration, and sulfonation, are the basis of the processes for converting hydrocarbon raw materials into finished products. Catalytic reactions are the most important of these reactions. The preparation of the hydrocarbon raw material and the production of primary initial hydrocarbons, including alkanes (paraffin), unsaturated hydrocarbons (olefins, dienes, and acetylene), aromatics, and naphthenes, are of great importance in the production of petrochemical products. Most of these primary products are converted into derivatives with functional groups containing oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, fluorine, sulfur, and other elements.

Alkanes.
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